Gross Domestic Product in Relation to the Region of Zamboanga's Sustainable Development

Author's Information:

Glenn Padao Sabacahan, RN, MAN

Clinical Instructor, Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Main Campus, Dapitan City

Vol 02 No 12 (2025):Volume 02 Issue 12 December 2025

Page No.: 373-380

Abstract:

This study examined the relationship between the Zamboanga Peninsula Region's sustainable development and GDP from 2011 to 2015. To determine the relationship between the gross domestic product and the sustainable development of the Zamboanga Peninsula region, the study used the quantitative method of research, specifically descriptive correlation research, with the assistance of documentary evidence from various regional government agencies and offices. The percentage and the Pearson-r Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation were the statistical tools utilized. According to the study, the GDP of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region (ZPR) has been increasing steadily in terms of GDP growth rate, but it has very little to no correlation with the indicators of sustainable development, particularly those related to the economic, social, and ecological facets. As one of the variables under the economic component, the GDP growth rate only showed a significant link with the unemployment rate. Economic managers such as NEDA and DOF may examine the sectors and industries that contribute less to the GDP of the region and take the necessary action to promote additional job possibilities. To further improve their performance, which is based on sustainable development metrics, local government units are urged to work more closely with other government departments.

KeyWords:

Economic Growth, Employment, Government Agencies, Gross Domestic Product, Sustainable Development

References:

A. Books 

  1. ADB (2010). Economic Growth in Asia: Determinants and prospects. Journal of Japan and the World Economy, Vol. 24, Isuue 2 
  2. Asongu, Simplice et al (2014). Economie Implications of Business Dynamics for KE- Associated Economic Growth and Inclusive Development in African Countries. African Governance and Development Institute WP/14/023 
  3. Azama, M. et al (2015). The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 47 
  4. Balisacan, Arsenio M. (2011). Multi - Dimensional Poverty 
  5. Cortes, Patria (2015). The Feminization of International Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the Philippines. Journal of World Development, Volume 65 
  6. De Guzman, Asuncion (2016). A Fishery in Transition: Impact of a Community Marine Reserve on a Coastal Fishery in Northern Mindanao, Philippines Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Valuation, Institutions, and Policy in Southeast Asia, pp 249-266 
  7. Dempseya, N. et al (2012). The key to sustainable urban development in UK cities? The influence of density on social sustainability. Progress in Planning. Volume 77, Issue 3, Pages 89-141 
  8. Doling, John, (2013). Housing and Housing Finance A Review of the Links to Economic Development and Poverty Reduction. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series No. 362 
  9. Esseghir, Asma (2014). Economic growth, energy consumption and sustainable development: The case of the Union for the Mediterranean countries. Journal of Energy, Volume 71, 15 
  10. Estoque, Ronald C. and Yuji Murayama (2013). Landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes: Implications for environmental sustainability planning for the rapidly urbanizing summer capital of the Philippines. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 116 
  11. Fasea, M. and RC Abmab (2003). Financial environment and economic growth in selected Asian countries. Journal of Asian Economics, Volume 14, Issue 1 
  12. Garcia, Emmanuel et al (2016). The State of Shared Prosperity in the Philippines. Asian Institute of Management 
  13. Halkos et al (2014). The effect of electricity consumption from renewable sources on countries' economic growth levels: Evidence from advanced, emerging and developing economies. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 39 
  14. Hanushek, Eric (2013). Economic growth in developing countries: The role of human capital Improvements in long run growth are closely related to the level of cognitive skills of the population. Economics of Education Review, Volume 37, Pages 204-212 
  15. Harris, Jonathan M, Timothy A. Wise, & Kevin P. Gallagher (2001) A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social and Economic Dimensions. The Global Development and Environment Institute. Tufts University. Island Press 2001
  16. Hartman, M., Kornfeld, R., & Catlin, A. (2010). Health care expenditures in the national health expenditures accounts and in gross domestic product: A reconciliation: Bureau of Economic Analysis. 
  17. Hopkins, S. (2010). Health expenditure comparisons: Low, middle and high income countries. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3(1), 111-117 
  18. Hsiang, S. and Amir S. Jina (2014) The Causal Effect of Environmental Catastrophe on Long-Run Economic Growth: Evidence From 6,700 Cyclones. NBER Working Paper No. 20352
  19. Hussain, M., Mushtaq, K., & Saboor, A. (2009). To investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between health expenditure and gross domestic product: A case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Science, 7(2), 119-122. 
  20. Kerrins, Kate and Delyse Springett, 2005. Educating for Sustainability: An Imperative for Action Business Strategy and the Environment; Chichester 14.3 (May/June 2005): 143 Wiley Publisher 
  21. Kwon, H. and Eunju Kim (2014). Poverty Reduction and Good Governance: Examining the Rationale of the Millennium Development Goals. Development and Change. International Institute of Social Studies. The Hague. Volume 45, Issue 2
  22. Lee, JW and K.Hong (2012). Economic growth in Asia: Determinants and prospects. Journal of Japan and the World Economy, Vol. 24, Issue 2 
  23. Leimbach, Marian et al (2013). Future growth patterns of world regions – A GDP scenario approach. Journal of Global Environmental Change 
  24. Lepeines, Phillip (2016). Project Syndicate 
  25. Luederitza, Christopher (2013) A systematic review of guiding principles for sustainable urban neighborhood development. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 118, Pages 40-52 
  26. Maca, Mark and Paul Morris (2012) The Philippines, the East Asian 'developmental states' and education: a comparative analysis of why the Philippines failed to develop. A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Volume 42, Issue 3 
  27. Macrones, John (2005), Sociology Prentice Hall: USA 
  28. Maung, KN et al (2015). Comparative studies on the driving factors of resource flows in Myanmar, the Philippines, and Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Volume 17, Issue 3 
  29. Medina, Michael Arieh P. (2015). A proposed local sustainable development index: An application to cities of Davao Region, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Occupation Science 4(2): 106-110 
  30. Millennium Development Watch (2016), Philippine Statistics Authority 
  31. Mitra, RM (2013). Leveraging Service Sector Growth in the Philippines, Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series No. 366 
  32. Nasreen, Samia and Sofia Anwar (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, 15 economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Journal of Energy Policy, Volume 69 
  33. Navarro, Adoracion M. (2013). Cost Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Sitio and Household Electrification Program, Final Report, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 
  34. Navarro, A.M. and Llanto, G.M. The Philippine Economy in 2013 and Prospects for 2014. Philippine Institute of Development Studies, Manila 
  35. Park, Donghyun et al (2012). The Service Sector in Asia: Is It an Engine of Growth? Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series No. 322
  36. Perera, LD and Grace H.Y. Lee (2013). Have economic growth and institutional quality contributed to poverty and inequality reduction in Asia? Journal of Asian Economics vol. 27 
  37. Polasky, S. et al (2015). Inclusive Wealth as a Metric of Sustainable Development. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 40 
  38. Polvorosa Jnr., C. (2014). Phillipine Development, Good Governance, and Pork Scandal in Context. The Manila Review, No. 4